The Cornell University and California Institute of Technology scientists behind the research suspect that the floods began when a meteorite struck Mars about 4 billion years ago.
The impact would have generated enough heat to melt Mars’ ice reservoirs, releasing water vapor into the atmosphere and creating planet-blanketing storm clouds, according to a Cornell press release.
The end result — which the scientists identified using data from NASA’s Curiosity rover — is that the floods shaped the surface of Mars into 30-foot-tall ripples of rock and dust.